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Historical & Heritage Studies: Referencing

Welcome to the Historical & Heritage Studies subject guide. This guide will introduce you to valuable information sources that are tailor-made for the subject, as well as services and facilities offered by the UP DLS

Plagiarism Prevention

Referencing with Harvard

  • Give credit to the author(s) in text
  • Make a corresponding entry in the reference list with more information about the source
  • Only list sources that you have actually used
  • The  list of sources must start on its own page with the heading Sources
  • List sources alphabetically according to author surnames or corporate /organisation
  • Source information must be given in the language of the source
  • Do not number or put bullets on the the sources
  • Remember the 4 Ws in your Sources list:

A text reference can be made in one of two ways:

1. As part of a sentence, example:

According to Ross (1999:  23) a total of about 60 000 slaves were imported to the Cape Colony during the period 1652 to 1807.

2. At the end of a sentence, example:

According to one theory, slave owners and their slaves communicated in a form of Dutch that eventually developed into Afrikaans. (Elphick & Giliomee, 1989:  121)

 

 

Number of authors In-text citation example

1 author 

 (Mbenga, 2016: 7)
2 authors Ndlovu and Cheng (2009:28)       or           (Ndlovu & Cheng, 2009: 28)
More than 2 authors

(Higgs et al., 2021: 4)
Organisation or website (African Union, 2022)

 

Department of Historical And Heritage Studies

Source Referencing

Type of source

In-text reference

Reference in list of sources

Book:

  one author

(Surname, year: page number)

(Manning, 2003:  4)

(SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

MANNING, P.  2003.  Navigating world history:  Historians create a global past.  Palgrave        MacMillan, New York.

Book:

  two authors

(Surname & Surname, year:  page number)

(Elphick & Giliomee, 1989:  1)

(SURNAME, Initials. & SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

ELPHICK, R. & GILIOMEE, H.  1989.  The shaping of South Africa, 1652-1840.  Maskew Miller Longman,           Cape Town.

Book:

  more than two authors

(Surname et al., year:  page number)

(Ross et al., 1999:  34)

(SURNAME, Initials., SURNAME, Initials., SURNAME, Initials. & SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

ROSS, G., VAN STADEN, J.J., THORNTON, H. & DUODO, M.  1999.  The wild giraffe.  Southern  Publishers, Johannesburg.

Chapter:

  in a book by multiple authors

(Surname, year:  page number)

(Eyles, 2002:  66)

(SURNAME, Initials. ‘Title of chapter’, in SURNAME of editor, Initials. (ed.)  Year.  Title of book. Publisher, Place of publication.)

EYLES, J.  ‘Global change and patterns of death and disease’, in JOHNSTON, R.J. (ed.) 2002.       Geographies of global change.  Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Journal article

(Surname, year:  page number)

(Ross, 1995:  57)

(SURNAME, Initials.  Year.  ‘Title of the article’.  Title of journal Volume (number), page numbers.)

ROSS, R.  1995.  ‘Paternalism, patriarchy and Afrikaans’.  South African Historical Journal 32(3), pp. 52-65.

Newspaper article

(Surname, year:  page number)

(Duodo, 2000:  2)

(SURNAME, Initials.  Year.  ‘Title of the article’.  Title of newspaper Volume (number), page numbers.)

DUODO, C.  2000.  ‘Slave trade survives in Sudan’.  Mail and Guardian 16(4), pp. 2-3.

Website

  with author

(Surname, year of creation/upgrade/n.d.)

(Mailovic, 2013) OR (Mailovic, n.d.)

n.d. → no date provided

(SURNAME of author, Initials.  Year of creation/upgrade/revision. <title of website>.  Access date.)

MAILOVIC, C.  2013/N.d.  <http://www.mandg.co.za/archive/opinion/a.sinful.city>.  Access:  17 October           2014.

Website

  without author: 

(name of organisation, year of creation/upgrade/n.d.)

(ANON  Date of creation/upgrade/revision.  <title of website>.  Access date.)

ANON  3 December 2014.  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>.  Access:  15 August 2016.

Website

  without author AND

  with same date of creation as

   another website in source list

(Anon, year of creation/upgrade)

(Anon, 2014a)

(Anon, 2014b)

(ANON  Date of creation/upgrade/revision.  <title of website>.  Access date.)

ANON  3 December 2014 (a).  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>.  Access:  15 August 2016.

ANON  31 December 2014 (b).  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/thabo-mbeki>.  Access:  15 September            2016.

Source: Historical & Heritage Studies Manual. 

Referencing with Footnotes

  • After each paragraph in which you do not give your own opinion, you should, by means of a footnote (reference number), acknowledge the source.

  • At the bottom of each page, give the source reference next to the footnote numbers.

  • A superscript reference number in the text refers the reader to the source reference in the footnote at the bottom of the page.

  • Footnote numbers in the text should preferably be placed at the end of a sentence, but when they relate to a single word or name, they must be placed at the particular phrase, word or name.

  • Footnotes therefore do not appear in front of a paragraph.

  • Note the placing of footnotes:  punctuation marks appear in front of the footnote numbers, e.g. Abc defg.²

  •  A quotation must be directly followed by a footnote; the reference number is placed outside the quotation marks.

  •  The titles of published sources in footnotes should be underlined/italicised. 

  • Use p. when referring to one page and pp. when referring to more than one page, e.g. p. 10; pp. 10-12.

  • One footnote per page is seldom sufficient.

  • Separate the text and the footnotes on each page by inserting a line above the footnotes.

  • While the reference number appears in superscript in the text, it must not appear as superscript at the bottom of the page.

  • Footnotes must be numbered continuously, that is, from 1-50; do not start the footnotes of each page at 1.

  • Footnotes should preferably feature at the bottom of each page, but they may also be placed at the end of the assignment (with a separate loose copy attached).

  • Please do not use Ibid. as this can cause confusion and inconvenience to the reader.

 To insert footnotes in the text:

  •                 in your Word Document, go to Reference;
  •                 choose Insert Footnote

                (a superscript number appear in the text;

                 a dividing line appear between text and footnote).

To correct the font (type, size and effect) of footnotes:

  •                 go to the “footnote space” at the bottom of the page;
  •                 highlight the number and choose the relevant font type and font size;
  •                 go to Font, choose Effects and undo superscript;
  •                 go to Paragraph and choose single spacing.

To correct the format of footnotes:

  •                 still in the “footnote space” , insert a full stop after the footnote number;
  •                 insert Tab;  and
  •                 choose Justify .

 

 

 

 

Department of Historical and Heritage Studies

Source Referencing:  Footnote Method

Type of source

Reference in footnote (text)

Book:

          one author

(Initials. Surname, Title, page number/s.)

1.   P. Manning, Navigating world history:  Historians create a global past, p. 4.

Book:

          two authors

(Initials. Surname & Initials. Surname, Title, page number/s)

2.   R. Elphick & H. Giliomee, The shaping of South Africa, 1652-1840, p. 1.

Book:

          more than two           authors

(Initials. Surname et al., Title, page number/s)

3.   R. Ross et al., The wild giraffe, pp. 34-37.

Chapter:

          in a book by      multiple authors

(Initials. Surname, ‘Title of chapter’, in Initials. Surname of editor (ed.), Title of book, page number/s))

4.   J. Eyles, ‘Global change and patterns of death and disease’, in R.J. Johnston (ed.), Geographies of global change,

      p. 20.

Journal article

(Initials. Surname, ‘Title of the article’, Title of journal volume (number), year, page numbers.)

5.   R. Ross, ‘Paternalism, patriarchy and Afrikaans’, South African Historical Journal 32(3), 1995, pp. 52-55.

Newspaper article

(Initials. Surname, ‘Title of the article’, Title of newspaper volume (number), year, page numbers.)

6.   C. Duodo, ‘Slave trade survives in Sudan’, Mail and Guardian 16(4), 2000, pp. 2-3.

Website

          with author

(Initials. Surname of author/Name of organisation, year of creation/upgrade/revision, <title of website>,  access date.)

7.   C. Mailovic, 2013/n.d.,  <http://www.mandg.co.za/archive/opinion/a.sinful.city>, access:  17 October 2014.

Website

          without author

(Anon, date of creation/upgrade/revision, <title of website>, access date.)

8.   Anon, 3 December 2014/n.d.,  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>, access:  15 August 2016.

Website

          without author           AND with same date of creation        as another           website in       source list

(Anon, date of creation/upgrade/revision, <title of website>, access date.)

9.   Anon, 31 December 2014 (a), <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>, access:  15 August 2016.

10. Anon, 31 December 2014 (b), <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/thabo-mbeki>, access:  15 September 2016.

Type of source

Reference in the source list

Book:

          one author

(SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

MANNING, P.  2003.  Navigating world history:  Historians create a global past.  Palgrave MacMillan, New York.

Book:

          two authors

(SURNAME, Initials. & SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

ELPHICK, R. & GILIOMEE, H.  1989.  The shaping of South Africa, 1652-1840.  Maskew Miller Longman, Cape Town.

Book:

          more than two           authors

(SURNAME, Initials., SURNAME, Initials., SURNAME, Initials. & SURNAME, Initials. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of publication.)

ROSS, G., VAN STADEN, J.J., THORNTON, H. & DUODO, M.  1999.  The wild giraffe.  Southern Publishers, Johannesburg.

Chapter:

          in a book by      multiple authors

(SURNAME, Initials. ‘Title of chapter’, in SURNAME of editor, Initials. (ed.)  Year.  Title of book. Publisher, Place of publication.)

EYLES, J.  ‘Global change and patterns of death and disease’, in JOHNSTON, R.J. (ed.) 2002.  Geographies of global             change.  Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Journal article

(SURNAME, Initials.  Year.  ‘Title of the article’.  Title of journal volume (number), page numbers.)

ROSS, R.  1995.  ‘Paternalism, patriarchy and Afrikaans’.  South African Historical Journal 32(3), pp. 52-65.

Newspaper article

(SURNAME, Initials.  Year.  ‘Title of the article’.  Title of newspaper volume (number), page numbers.)

DUODO, C.  2000.  ‘Slave trade survives in Sudan’.  Mail and Guardian 16(4), pp. 2-3.

Website

          with author

(SURNAME of author, Initials.  Year of creation/upgrade/revision. <title of website>.  Access date.)

MAILOVIC, C.  2013/N.d.  <http://www.mandg.co.za/archive/opinion/a.sinful.city>.  Access:  17 October 2014.

Website

          without author

(ANON  Date of creation/upgrade/revision.  <title of website>.  Access date.)

ANON  3 December 2014/N.d.  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>.  Access:  15 August 2016.

Website

          without author           AND with same date of creation        as another           website in       source list

(ANON  Date of creation/upgrade/revision.  <title of website>.  Access date.)

ANON  31 December 2014 (a).  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki>.  Access:  15 August 2016.

ANON  31 December 2014 (b).  <http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/thabo-mbeki>.  Access:  15 September 2016.

Source: Historical & Heritage Studies Manual.